Month: December 2021

shuttlecocks on wooden floor in sports hall

Tipperary County Badminton Association League Final Standings 2016-17

Tipperary County Badminton Association Logo [References: 1]

Grade C League (Division 1)

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade C League 2016-17

PosTeam

Note: Straight Final Reference: [2]

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade C League Playoffs 2016-17

DateGameTime/ResultsMatch Day

Reference: [3]

In a straight Final Ballycommon defeated Gurteen in the Grade C League (Division 1). [Reference: 2, 3]

Grade D League (Division 2)

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade D League 2016-17

PosTeam

Note: (Q) – Qualify for Grade D Final Reference: [2]

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade D League Playoffs 2016-17

DateGameTime/ResultsMatch Day

Reference: [2]

Having finished joint top in the Grade D League with 16 Points each Country Club and Templemore met in what would be one of three Finals between the two clubs (the others being at Grade E and F). [Reference: 2]

Grade E League (Division 3)

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade E League 2016-17

PosTeam

Note: (Q) – Qualify for Grade E Final Reference: [2]

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade E League Playoffs 2016-17

DateGameTime/ResultsMatch Day

Reference: [2, 5]

Having dominated the Grade E League, winning 24 out of a possible 28 points, Country Club went on to defeat Templemore in the Grade E Final. [Reference: 2, 5]

Grade F League (Division 4)

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade F League 2016-17

PosTeam

Note: (Q) – Qualify for Grade F Final Reference: [2]

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade F Playoffs 2016-17

DateGameTime/ResultsMatch Day

Reference: [2]

The Grade F (Division 4) League, like the Grade D (Division 2) League, saw Country Club and Templemore both finish on top on the same number of points (27 in the case of Grade F) and contest the Final between them. Reference: [2]

Grade G League (Division 5)

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade G League Zone 1 2016-17

PosTeam

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade G League Zone 2 2016-17

PosTeam

Note: (Q) – Qualify for Grade G Semi-Finals Reference: [2]

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade G League Playoffs 2016-17

DateGameTime/ResultsMatch Day

References: [2, 4-6]

The Grade G League (Division 5) was divided into two Zones of four teams each, with the top two of each Zone qualifying for the Semi-Finals. Reference: [2]. Grange were the dominant team in Zone 1 winning 35 points from a possible 42, well ahead of second-placed Drom on 24 Reference: [2]. In Zone 2 Gurteen (28 Points) and Lorrha (27 Points) took the two Semi-Final spots. Reference: [2]. The Grade G Final saw Grange triumph over Drom, having defeated Lorrha in the Semi-Finals. Reference: [2, 5, 6] . Drom had knocked out Gurteen in the other Semi-Final. Reference: [4] .

Grade H League (Division 6)

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade H League Zone 1 2016-17

PosTeam

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade H League Zone 2 2016-17

PosTeam

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade H League Zone 3 2016-17

PosTeam

Note – (Q) – Qualify for Grade H Quarter-Finals Reference: [2]

Tipperary County Badminton Association Grade H League Playoffs 2016-17

DateGameTime/ResultsMatch Day

References: [2, 4, 5, 7]

The Grade H League (Division 6) consisted of 11 teams, drawn into three Zones, with the winners and runners-up of each Zone qualifying for the Quarter-Finals. Reference: [2]. Ballycommon and Roscrea (25 points each) qualified from a highly competitive Zone 1 ahead of Lorrha on 23 points. Reference: [2]. Zone 2 saw Grange A finish top on 30 points with Hillview (21 points) narrowly qualifying for the Quarter-Finals ahead of Drangan (20 Points). Reference: [2]. Drom (19 Points) and Grange B (17 Points) had an easier task in Zone 3, finishing ahead of Moycarkey/Borris A. Reference: [2].

In the Quarter-Finals Roscrea and Ballycommon advanced at the expense of Hillview and Grange B respectively [Reference: 4, 5], where they met Grange A and Drom respectively, who had both gained byes into the Semi-Finals having the best win percentage [Reference: 4, 5]. There Roscrea shocked Grange A and went on to triumph over Drom the in the Grade H Final. Reference: [7].

Recap

The six Grade (Division) Champions in the Tipperary County Badminton Association League in 2016-17 were Ballycommon (winners versus Gurteen in the Grade C – Division 1 Final) Reference: [2, 3]; Country Club (winners versus Templemore in the Grade E – Division 3 Final) Reference: [2, 5]; Grange (Grade G – Division 5 Champions versus Drom in the Final) and Roscrea (Grade H – Division 6 Champions versus Drom in the Final). Reference: [7].

About the Tipperary County Badminton Association Leagues

There were 6 Divisions in the Tipperary County Badminton Association League (Mixed) in 2016-17, from Grade C (Division 1) to Grade H (Division 6) . Grading is based on a players National Grading and teams are entered into leagues based on the number of players per Grade in the Club. The Highest Grade League in Ireland is the Badminton Premier League (Grade 2) in Leinster.

Within the Tipperary County Badminton Association the League Pyramid consisted of 2 teams at Grade C (Division 1), three each at Grades D and E (Divisions 2 and 3), four at Grade F (Division 4) and then eight in Grade G (Division 5 – divided into two Zones), and 11 at Grade H (Division 6 – divided into three zones).

The winners of each Grade (Division) can enter the Irish Club Championships at their respective Grade, held in Dublin over a weekend at the end of the season.

Badminton Stock Photo

shuttlecocks on wooden floor in sports hall
Photo by Leo Zhao on Pexels.com

Logo References

[1] Tipperary County Badminton Association Facebook (2017) Tipperary County Badminton Association, October 1 2011  [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/TipperaryBadminton/photos/a.267455036622531/267455319955836/ [Accessed 8 June 2017]

REFERENCES

[2] Tipperary County Badminton Association (2017) Post, March 19, 2017  [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/TipperaryBadminton/posts/1470070903027599 [Accessed 8 June 2017]

[3] Tipperary County Badminton Association (2017) Post, March 22, 2017  [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/TipperaryBadminton/posts/1472980432736646:0 [Accessed 8 June 2017]

[4] Tipperary County Badminton Association (2017) Post, March 22, 2017  [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/TipperaryBadminton/posts/1472994436068579  [Accessed 8 June 2017]

[5] Tipperary County Badminton Association (2017) Post, March 24, 2017  [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/TipperaryBadminton/posts/1475126105855412 [Accessed 8 June 2017]

[6] Tipperary County Badminton Association (2017) Post, March 28, 2017  [Internet] Available from:https://www.facebook.com/TipperaryBadminton/posts/1479355788765777  [Accessed 8 June 2017]

[7] Tipperary County Badminton Association (2017) Post, March 28, 2017  [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/TipperaryBadminton/posts/1479355028765853  [Accessed 8 June 2017]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 31 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2018-2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

a man playing badminton

North Down Badminton League Gents League Division 1 2016-17

Final Table

North Down Badminton League Division 1 2016-17

PosTeam

Legend / Key

(C) – Champions

Recap

Academy A won the North Down Badminton League Gents League Division 1 in 2016-17 with 20 Points out of a maximum 24. Ballyclare Y finished second on 9 points and Ballyclare X in third on 3 points. Gransha A pulled out of the league after 2 fixtures, which were not counted [1].

ABOUT THE NORTH DOWN BADMINTON LEAGUE

The North Down Badminton League is a District Badminton League in Northern Ireland. Division 1 consisted of 5 teams in 2016-17 with a further 5 each in Divisions 2 and 3. There was also a Gents League with four teams in each of three divisions. The NDBL teams each played each other team in their Division twice, with each fixture consisting of 8 matches (4 matches in the Gents League). Each match win counted as a point in the standings.

BADMINTON STOCK IMAGE

a man playing badminton
Photo by Luthfi Qodri on Pexels.com

REFERENCES

[1] North Down Badminton (2017) North Down Badminton League  [Internet] Available from: https://www.northdownbadminton.com/league-tables.php [Accessed 8 June 2017]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 30 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2018-2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

people woman sport stadium

North Down Badminton League Division 1 2016-17

Final Table

North Down Badminton League Division 1 2016-17

PosTeam

Legend / Key

(C) – Champions

Recap

Gransha A won the North Down Badminton League Division 1 title in 2016-17 by a point over Greenwell Street A. Gransha A had finished on 54 points (out of a maximum 64), with Greenwell Street A finishing on 53 Points. These two teams finished well ahead of third placed Academy A on 29 points with Academy B and Ballygowan A taking the fourth and fifth places.

About the North Down Badminton League

The North Down Badminton League is a District Badminton League in Northern Ireland. Division 1 consisted of 5 teams in 2016-17 with a further 5 each in Divisions 2 and 3. There was also a Gents League with four teams in each of three divisions. The NDBL teams each played each other team in their Division twice, with each fixture consisting of 8 matches. Each match win counted as a point in the standings.

Badminton Stock Image

people woman sport stadium
Photo by SHVETS production on Pexels.com

References

[1] North Down Badminton (2017) North Down Badminton League  [Internet] Available from: https://www.northdownbadminton.com/league-tables.php [Accessed 8 June 2017]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 30 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2018-2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

green and white court with badminton rackets

Badminton Premier League 2019-20

Badminton Premier League Logo [References: 1]

Final Table

Badminton Premier League 2019-20

PosTeamWL

Results

Recap

The 2019-20 Badminton Premier League was cancelled after 4 of 5 Rounds due to Covid-19 Pandemic Restrictions with Ailesbury Falcons, based in Terenure Badminton Centre, South Dublin, leading on 20 Points. South Dublin Spartans were second on 15 points with a fixture in hand, and Mount Pleasant Mavericks (Dublin City) and Pembroke Panthers (Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown) joint third on 14 points, also with a game in hand. Racket Raptors, a new team for 2019-20 were on 9 points.

About the Badminton Premier League

The Badminton Premier League is the highest level Badminton League in Leinster (Eastern Province), Ireland. It is Level 0 in Ireland and Level 2 Internationally. Each Fixture are made up of 9 matches – Men’s Singles, Ladies Singles, Men’s Doubles x2, Ladies Doubles x2, Mixed Doubles x3. Each Match is Best of 5 Games with first to 11 (win by two points) to win a game.

Badminton Stock Image

green and white court with badminton rackets
Photo by eric anada on Pexels.com

IMAGES References

[1] Badminton Premier League (2015) Badminton Premier League Logo [Internet] Available from: http://bpl.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/bpl-logo-1.png [Accessed 9 May 2017]

Results and Tables References

[2] Badminton Premier League Facebook (2019) Post, October 27, 2019 [Internet] Available from: http://www.facebook.com/badmintonpremierleague/posts/3125297651028189 [Accessed 2 August 2020][Content No Longer Available]

[3] Badminton Premier League Facebook (2019) Post, November 22, 2019 [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/badmintonpremierleague/posts/3161601197397834 [Accessed 2 August 2020][Content No Longer Available]

[4] Badminton Premier League Facebook (2019) Post, December, 2019 [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/badmintonpremierleague/posts/3158903684334252 [Accessed 2 August 2020][Content No Longer Available]

[5] Badminton Premier League Facebook (2019) Post, December, 2019 [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/badmintonpremierleague/posts/3225195817705037 [Accessed 2 August 2020][Content No Longer Available]

[6] Badminton Premier League Facebook (2019) Post, February 21, 2020 [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/badmintonpremierleague/posts/3264853457072607 [Accessed 2 August 2020][Content No Longer Available]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Nora Mulcahy, Declan Mulcahy, Joan Collins, Dave Raitt, Paul Hui, Sean Fagan and Steven Fitzgerald.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 30 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2018-2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

Hanetsuki (Japanese Badminton)

About Hanetsuki

Hanetsuki is a traditional Japanese form of Badminton, which is usually played as part of New Year’s Festivities in Japan (January 1 in the Modern Calendar) [2]. Along with a traditional card game, Kite Flying, a Battle of the Bands between two of Japan’s most popular musical artists [2] , and the Rice Bowl – Japan’s American Football Super Bowl – it is one of the Games highlights of celebrating New Year in Japan.

The game is similar to the old European game of “Battledore and Shuttlecock”, which is no doubt derived from similar games in East and South East Asia which gave rise to the modern sport of Badminton [5] . Hanetsuki is played by usually by two girls with a wooden paddle and a shuttlecock but with no net and the object of the game is to keep the shuttlecock in the air as long as possible by batting it to each other [2, 3]. The girl who lets the shuttlecock drop gets marked with India Ink [2], or in another tradition, has to pay for the Kimono [3]. It is traditionally played in a Kimono [3].

Although the sport or game is not as popular as it once was highly decorated paddles, called Hagoita, are sold throughout Japan as ornaments [2, 3]. Hanetsuki is first mentioned in the Nara Period (710-794 AD), when the Imperial Capital was in the Japanese City of the same name. This is the period when the Nihon shoki – the origin myth of Japan – was written [3].

Hanetsuki Paddle (Hagoita)

good luck charm Japanese Hagoita

Item ID: 1195451194

Photographic Contributor

YandL

YandL

References

[1] Tradition & Games WordPress Blog (2015) Hanetsuki [Internet] Available from: https://traditiongames.wordpress.com/2015/08/03/hanetsuki/ [Accessed 20 December 2021

[2] Nipponario (2013) Hanetsuki Badminton [Internet] Available from: http://nipponario.abranera.com/?p=2665#sthash.bEXccKDI.dpbs [Accessed 20 December 2021]

[3] Nipponary (2012) Nara Period [Internet] Available from: http://nipponario.abranera.com/?p=81#sthash.jjgK4stD.dpbs [Accessed 20 December 2012]

[4] Japan Centre (2021) Celebrating Shogatsu – New Year in Japan [Internet] Available from: https://blog.japancentre.com/2021/12/20/celebrating-shogatsu-new-year-in-japan/ [Accessed 20 December 2021]

[5] National Badminton Museum (2021) The Game of Battledore and Shuttlecock [Internet] Available from: https://www.nationalbadmintonmuseum.com/battledore-and-shuttlecock/ [Accessed 20 December 2021]

Image References

[6] Shutterstock (2021) Hagoita [Internet] Available from: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/good-luck-charm-japanese-hagoita-1195451194 [Accessed 20 December 2021]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Caoilfhionn Nic Fhearai

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 20 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

Papua Sepak Takraw Games XX 2021

Women’s Final Medal Standings

Papua Sepak Takraw Games Women XX 2021

PosTeamPts

Men’s Final Medal Standings

Papua Sepak Takraw Games Men XX 2021

PosTeamPts

Recap

At the 2021 Papua Regional Sepak Takraw Games XX in Indonesia, the Home Team won Gold (Champion I) at both Men’s and Women’s Sepak Takraw. The Papua Men took 260 points and the Papua Women 275 points. Beaten finalists were North Sumatra (Men) and South Sulawesi (Women).

Sepak Takraw is like Volleyball played with all parts of the body except the arms and is Native to South East Asia, where both Thailand and Malaysia claim to have invented it. The 2021 Papua Sepak Takraw Games were the 20th East Indonesian Regional Games and were held in GOR Cenderawasih University, Abepura on Sunday, 26th September 2021.

Sepak Takraw Stock Image

Image Reference

Item ID: 712114645

MALAYSIA, KUALA LUMPUR, 10 SEPTEMBER 2017 – Sepak Takraw Athletes perform during 29th Sea Games Kuala Lumpur 2017.

Photograph Contributor

Mohd Nasirruddin Yazid
Photographer

Mohd Nasirruddin Yazid

References

[1] Zonadunia (2021) [Internet] Available from: https://zonadunia.com/2021/09/27/tak-tanggung-dua-emas-untuk-papua-dari-sepak-takraw-putra-dan-putri/ [Accessed 19 December 2021]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Paul Hui (Trinity College Dublin) & Eoghan Murphy.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish, North American and World Sports Archives

Last Updated: 19 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

group of lacrosse players celebrating with coach during daytime

British Columbia Junior Lacrosse League Final Tables 1997-1999

BCJLL 1997

British Columbia Junior Lacrosse League 1997

PosTeamWLPts

BCJLL 1998

BCJLL British Columbia Junior Lacrosse League 1998

PosTeamWLPts

Note: One Tie Between Port Coquitlam Saints and South Fraser Stickmen not shown in Standings

BCJLL 1999

BCJLL British Columbia Junior Lacrosse League 1999

PosTeamWLPts

Note: Two Ties not shown in Standings: South Fraser Stickmen v Coquitlam Saints and Port Coquitlam Saints v Coquitlam Adanacs

Recap

Of interest to Irish readers in the British Columbia Junior Lacrosse League of 1997 to 1999 is the Victoria Shamrocks, a team to replace the Victoria Eagles and given the name of Ireland’s National Flower. Based in the biggest city on Vancouver Island, off the West Coast of Canada in British Columbia, the Shamrocks went 6-14 in their debut season, finishing 5th of 6 teams, four points behind New Westminster Salmonbellies but well ahead of South Fraser Stickmen.

In their second season in 1998 the Shamrocks won 8 games out of 25, again finishing 5th of 6, ahead of New Westminster Salmonbellies this time, but four points behind Coquitlam Adonacs. A big improvement for the Shamrocks was seen in their third season, when they finished second behind Burnaby Lakers with a 17-8 record, seven points ahead of third-placed South Fraser Stickmen.

There were no playoffs from 1997 to 1999 after a brief introduction in 1996, but the playoffs were to return in 2000. The Champions every year, Burnaby Lakers (going 69-1 during this three-year span), represented British Columbia in the Minto Cup for the Canadian Junior Lacrosse Championship, twice ,losing to Whitby Warriors (1997 and 1999) and winning the Championship in 1998 at the expense of Six Nations Arrows.

Lacrosse Stock Image

group of lacrosse players celebrating with coach during daytime
Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

References

[1] Dave Stewart Candy (2020) “1999 British Columbia Junior Lacrosse League”  Canadian Lacrosse Almanac 1867-2021. pg. 180. [Internet] Available from: https://oldschoollacrosse.wordpress.com/2020/12/01/canadian-lacrosse-almanac-2021-edition/ ][Actual Download link at: https://oldschoollacrosse.files.wordpress.com/2020/11/canadian-lacrosse-almanac-1867-2021.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2021]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Dave Stewart-Candy (Old School Lacrosse)

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 18 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

Louth Badminton Association Ladies League Division 5 Final Tables 2010-2012

Final Tables 2010-11 to 2011-12

Louth Badminton Association Ladies League Division 5 2010-11

PosTeamWL

Note: Dundalk Ladies 5 and Shercock Ladies 5 Drew 2 Matches; Kilkerley Ladies 5 Drew 4 Matches – Not shown in Table.

Louth Badminton Association Ladies League Division 5 2011-12

PosTeamWL

Note: All 5 Teams Drew 2 Matches – Not Shown in Table.

NOTE: TEAMS PLAYED 2 MATCHES OF 4 GAMES EACH VERSUS EACH OTHER TEAMW-L COLUMN THE NUMBER OF MATCHES WON, F-A COLUMNS REPRESENT THE NUMBER OF GAM,ES WON, FINAL POINTS TALLY BASED ON GAMES WON.

Recap

Ardee Ladies 5 won all 6 Matches in the Louth Badminton Association Division 5 in 2010-11 (The top Division in Louth in 2010-11 (Players and Teams are Graded Nationally 1-10 with 1 being the highest grade). Dundalk Ladies 5 finished second on 12 points, 8 behind Ardee, with Kilkerley Ladies 5 third on 9 points and Shercock Ladies 5 fourth on 7 points.

For the 2011-12 season Kilkerley Ladies 5 were replaced by two new teams: Bessbrook Ladies 5 who won the title undefeated on 23 points, and Phoenix Ladies 5 who finished fourth on 14 points. Ardee Ladies 5 after topping the table in 2010-11 finished bottom of the table on 13 points. Shercock Ladies 5 improved from last place in 2010-11 to second in 2011-12 on 16 points, while Dundalk Ladies 5 finished in Mid-Table on 14 Points.

References

[1] Louth Badminton Association (2017) Louth Badminton Association Ladies League [Internet] Available from: http://w.fixtureslive.com/comp/26034/table/Louth-Badminton-Association-Ladies-League-Division-5-2011 [Accessed 6 October 2017]

[2] Louth Badminton Association (2017) Louth Badminton Association Ladies League [Internet] Available from: http://w.fixtureslive.com/comp/31386/table/Louth-Badminton-Association-Ladies-League-Division-5-2011-12 [Accessed 6 October 2017]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, Compiled and Written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 18 December 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2021

You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved.